On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Countess Sophie were killed in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the revolutionary youth organization Young Bosnia. The event, known as the Assassination in Sarajevo triggered World War I.
Background
Bosnia and Herzegovina had been occupied by Austria-Hungary in 1878 and annexed in 1908. Many Bosnians, primarily Bosnian Serbs, resented the occupation and preferred unification with Serbia and/or other South Slavic lands. This resentment culminated in the assassination. In addition, the Austrian authorities picked none other than the date of Vidovdan for Archduke's visit, an important Serbian Orthodox holiday.
Conspiracy
Young Bosnia was equipped with pistols and bombs supplied by the Black Hand, a secret society with links to some Serbian officers, and government officials, although the government of Serbia had no knowledge of the plan.
The level of involvement of the Black Hand is disputed. Some believe that it directly organized the attack and that Young Bosnia was in fact a subsidiary organization. Others point out that Young Bosnia was ideologically different from the Black Hand and so inexperienced that the Black Handers never really believed the attempt would be successful. Most people do agree that the Black Hand supplied the weapons and cyanide to the assassins.
The assassination
Princip being arrested after the shooting
Note: The exact course of events was never firmly established, mostly due to inconsistent stories of witnesses.
The seven conspirators were inexperienced with weapons, and it was only due to a freakish set of coincidences that they were successful. At 10:15 the parade of 4 cars passed the first member of the group, Mehmedbasic, who attempted to shoot from an upstairs window, but couldn't get a clear shot. The second member, Nedeljko Čabrinović, threw a bomb (or a stick of dynamite, according to some reports) at Ferdinand's car, but missed. The explosion destroyed the following car, killing its driver and wounding the passengers, a policeman and several members of the crowd. Čabrinović swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the River Miljacka. The procession sped away towards the Town Hall, and the crowd turned into chaos. Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody. His cyanide pill was old and had not worked. Almost all the other assassins left upon hearing the explosion, under the assumption that the Archduke had been killed.
The next four conspirators didn't get an opportunity to attack because of the heavy crowds, and it was beginning to look like the assassination would fail. However, the Archduke decided to go to hospital and visit the victims of Čabrinović's bomb. Princip had gone to a nearby shop for a sandwich, apparently giving up, when he spotted Ferdinand's car as it drove past, having taken a wrong turn. After dashing up to the car, Princip shot Sophie in the stomach, and a second shot hit Ferdinand in the neck. They were driven to the governor's residence where they died from their wounds.
Princip tried to kill himself first by ingesting the cyanide, and then with his gun, but he vomited the poison (which Čabrinović had also done, leading the police to believe the group had been deceived and sold a much weaker poison), and the gun was wrestled from his hand before he had a chance to fire another shot.
Consequences
During interrogation, Princip, Čabrinović and all the others maintained their vow of silence. The authorities thought the imprisonment would be arbitrary, until one member, Danilo Ilic, lost his patience and told the authorities everything, including the fact that the guns were supplied by the Serb government.
Austria-Hungary blamed the government of Serbia for the assassination and issued an unrealistic ultimatum. Austria-Hungary insisted that Serbia had to accept all of the conditions. To the surprise of most of Europe, Serbia accepted most of the ultimatum but 2 points. Austria-Hungaria then declared war on July 28, 1914. World War I had begun.
All of the members were sentenced to prison (except Danilo Ilic, who was hanged). Cabrinovic and Princip died of tuberculosis in prison.
